Ginseng

 

Synonyms:

            Radix Ginseng, Shin-seng, Panax root, Ginseng root, Korean ginseng, Chinese ginseng and true ginseng.

Description.

Ginseng is the dried root of Panax ginseng (P. schinseng) (Araliaceae) Collected from 5-6 years old plants, in autumn, carefully cleaned and dried. Other varieties of ginseng include Panax quinquefolius (Panax quinquefolium, American Ginseng) and P. pseudoginseng (P. notoginseng, Himalayan ginseng). The root commonly known as Siberian or Russian ginseng belongs to the same family, Araliaceae, but is an entirely different plant, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Acanthopanax senticosus). Brazilian ginseng is reported to be derived from another unrelated plant, Pfaffia paniculata Martius, family Amaranthaceae (Brazilian ginseng) and Rumex hymenosepalus Torrey, family Polygonaceae (Wild red desert ginseng or American wild red ginseng). Ginseng contains complex mixtures of saponins termed ginsenosides or panaxosides. At least 13 saponins have been isolated from extracts of P. ginseng roots.

Names meaning in English:

Panax derived from the Greek word panacea meaning “all-heal” or “all-cure”. Ginseng, Chinese (Wade-Giles Romanization) Jen Sheng, or (Pinyin) Ren Sheng (root of heaven). Ginseng is derived from the words Jen sheng, which, in addition to 'man-like root'. Chines word xi yang shen means  American Ginseng , Japanese ginseng (chikusetsu ninjin, ninjin means carrot).

 

Pharmacopoeias.

In Chin., Eur., and Jpn. Also in US (as Asian Ginseng and American Ginseng). US includes additionally powdered forms of these two varieties of ginseng. Jpn also includes Red Ginseng, the dried root of P. ginseng which has been steamed. Chin. and Jpn also include Rhizoma Panacis Japonica from Panax japonicus. Eur.  also includes Notoginseng Root from P. notoginseng. Chin. also includes Radix Notoginseng from P. notoginseng, and Rhizoma Panacis Majoris from P. japonicus var. major and P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus.

Ph. Eur. 6.2 (Ginseng). The whole or cut dried root of Panax ginseng. It contains not less than 0.4% of combined ginsenosides, Rg1 (C₄₂H₇₂O₁₄,2H₂O = 837.0) and Rb1(C₅₄H₉₂O₂₃,3H₂O = 1163.3), calculated with reference to the dried drug. Protect from light.

USP 31 (Asian Ginseng). The dried roots of Panax ginseng (Araliaceae). It contains not less than 0.2% of ginsenoside Rg1 and not less than 0.1% of ginsenoside Rb1, both calculated on the

dried basis. Store in a dry place at a temperature of 8° to 15°C.

USP 31 (American Ginseng). The dried roots of Panax quinquefolius (Araliaceae). It contains not less than 4.0% of total ginsenosides, calculated on the dried basis. Store in airtight containers. Protect from light and heat.

Ginseng Cultivation:

Most of the drug is collected from plants which are cultivated in various parts of the United States and Canada (American ginseng) and in China, Korea and Japan (Chinese ginseng).The ginseng plant demands a relatively rough climate, though the air temperature throughout the year must remain between 0-25°C. Also, a special type of soil is necessary. The ground temperature must be constant as possible, an artificial fertilizer is never employed but only a fertilizer made of ginseng leaves gathered. The plants do not withstand direct sunlight and must be protected by specially constructed sheds.The plants are propagated from seeds which should be sown in light loam rich in humus and in shade of woodland or orchard, well drained land and some cultivation are necessary for a good crops. 

Ginseng Collection:

The roots are dug from 3 to 6 years old plants in late summer or autumn, washed and carefully dried. Fresh root dug out of the soil is covered with pathogenic germs which remain on it after careful washing. A sterilization process is thus necessary to ensure stability of the roots and to avoid any chance of infection irrespective of whether the root is eaten as such in small slices, as many Asian do, or whether a preparation made from the root is taken.

Ginseng Preparation:

In China, ginseng roots are especially treated by an unknown process which renders them somewhat translucent and horny. Similar results can be obtained by treating the fresh, cleaned roots with recently slaked lime.

White ginseng can also be obtained commercially with the surface “skin” removed by careful peeling. Dried white ginseng, if stored carefully, can retain saleable quality for about 12–15 months. Compared with intact ginseng roots, peeling of ginseng roots resulted in a substantial decrease (approximately 20-30%) in total ginsenoside contents.

 Red ginseng (Korean ginseng) indicates an alternative method of preservation of ginseng. The cleaned roots are sterilised by steam treatment at a temperature of 120° to 130° C for 2 to 4 hours. Sugars present in the roots partially caramelise causing the characteristic red-brown colouration, hence the name “Red Ginseng”. The saponin content of red ginseng is increased during processing. Further observed that in terms of total saponin content the best 6- year old red ginseng came from Korean sources followed by Japanese and Chinese products. The heat treatment increases the hardness of red ginseng roots and also produces chemical artefacts. Carefully stored red ginseng will retain its quality for 2–3 years.

The drug is extensively used in China and it has been estimated that about 300,000 pounds of ginseng are exported annually from the United States. The supplies are not only obtained from wild plants, but also from cultivated plants in various localities in United States and in Asia.

What is G 115 :

G115 being the abbreviation for standardized ginseng extract. It, is a natural product from genuine Panax ginseng. G115 is standardized i.e each dosage unit of G115 contains an accurately determined and equal quantity of ginsenosides.

Morphological Description:

The plant is shrub reaching a height of 60 to 70 cm. The stem carries whirl-fixed, palmate leaves. The fruits are light-red berries about 1 cm. in diameter, containing 1 to 2 flat, white disc­-shaped seeds.

Ginseng root is subcylindrical, somewhat spindle-shaped  fleshy   when dry it is brittle, up to 25 cm long, 0.7 to 2.5 cm in diameter, with 2 to 5 large branches less frequently branched. The body of the root is thickened, almost cylindrical with distinct annulations at top.

The outer surface of root is longitudinally, less frequently spirally wrinkled and exhibiting root scars. On maceration, which goes on slowly, the wrinkles disappear and the surface becomes smooth. In the upper part of the root there is a constricted, transversely wrinkled rhizome, the neck, short with several stem scars, One or several adventitious roots may emanate from the neck. Rhizomes bear leaf scars the number of which gives an indication of the age of the plant. The external color varying from yellowish white (American and Chinese) to yellowish-brown (Korean); fracture is short and mealy. Ginseng root has a slightly aromatic odor and specific taste which is sweetish, pungent mucilaginous and slightly bitter.

Internally pale yellow to yellowish-brown and exhibiting a broad soft, whitish bark, a dark brown cambium line and a distinctly radiate, hard wood. Scattered through the bark and wood are numerous oil and resin canals which in older roots have a brownish- red  resinous content.

 

Ginseng root HistologyPanax ginseng (Cultivated, Unprocessed)  :

1. Root transverse section: cork (ck), secretory ducts (sd), secondary phloem (sp), vascular cambium (cam), secondary xylem (sx), and primary xylem (px).

2 Cork (sv).

3. Cork of regularly arranged cells and phelloderm of slightly thickened cells, with a calcium oxalate cluster crystal (ts).

4. Secretory duct and surrounding parenchyma (ts).

5.  Radial row of vessels (ts).

6. Reticulate vessel (ls).

7. Starch granules.

Microscopic differentiation between Panax species
species	Powder	Starch	Calcium oxalate
Panax ginseng (unprocessed ), Panax quinquefolius	Color is beige to white; soft texture	Present	Present
Panax ginseng (processed )	Color is pale to dark reddish brown or pale yellow-brown; hard, more crystallized texture to touch	Absent; transformed into gelatinous mass due to steaming	Present
Panax psudoginseng	Color is beige to yellow	Present and larger than in other Panax species	Infrequent or absent

  

Constituents:

1- Saponins  termed Ginsenosides by Japanese workers and Panaxosides by Russian workers. However, the two series of compounds do not appear to be absolutely identical with respect of the sugar moieties. Some 13 ginsenosides (e.g. ginsenosides Ro, Ra, Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg₁, Rg₂, Rg₃, Rh₁ and Rh₂.) have been described and designated according to their R_f    values in a particular solvent system. They noted that the protopanaxadiol-derived Rb group (Rb1 and Rb2) and the protopanaxatriolderived Rg group saponins were quantitatively the main glycosides present. The Panaxosides are termed panaxoside A, B, C, etc. The studies of the American chemist E. J. Staba and his colleagues on the indigenous P. quinquefolium revealed that the saponins identified as Panaquilins by earlier workers were also identical with the ginsenosides.

The overall yield of glycosides in Panax ginseng roots varies between 0.5 and 4.0 per cent and is age-dependent. Mild acid hydrolysis of the mixed ginsenosides revealed three principal structural types based on:-

a) the tetracyclic, dammarene, triterpenoid sapogenin (20-S)-protopanaxadiol,

b) the tetracyclic, dammarene, triterpenoid sapogenin (20-S)-protopanaxatriol,

c) the pentacyclic, triterpene oleanolic acid.

On hydrolysis the panaxosides afford principally oleanolic acid, panaxadiol and panaxatriol. The two latter appear to be artefacts arising during hydrolysis. Ginseng root, therefore, contains a mixture of both Tetracyclic and Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins.

Some of the ginsenosides (Panaquilins) of   P. quinquefolium are the same as those of   the Chinese and Korean drug; others appear to differ.

Correlation of the nomenclature of ginsenosides, panaxosides and panaquilins

Ginsenoside	Panaxoside	Panaquilin
Ro	-	-
Ra	F	-
Rb	E	B
Rc	D	C
-	-	E1
Rd	C	E2
Re	B	E3
Rf	-	-
Rg1	A	G1
Rg2	-	G2

2- High molecular weight polysaccharides (glycans), for P. ginseng these are known as panaxans and they have been shown to have hypoglycaemic activity.

3- Straight-chain acetylenic compounds, Essential oil, a camphor-like substance named panacene which he had isolated from an extract of the root of the American ginseng P. quinquefolium L.   and Vitamins.

4- Among the nonsaponin constituents of red ginseng was the food flavouring agent 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyran-4-one and its glucoside. Such compounds may be artifacts generated during preparation of the red ginseng.

Actions and Uses:

1- As a general tonic and stimulant:

 ginseng can strengthen the debilitated body, for asthenia, stimulating recuperation, improving the quality of life and for sexual impotence.

2- An adaptogen defined in many ways: for different types of stress

A- the ability of ginseng (Panax ginseng), Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus spp) and related Araliaceous drugs to increase the nonspecific resistance of the host to several types of stresses.

B- This normalising phenomenon presented by ginseng was referred to as “adaptogenic activity”, a controversial concept. In effect there was a higher state of defence preparation and the adaptogen, which was also known as a non-specific immunomodulator or neuroimmunological regulator.

 C- It is also certain that ginseng is of value in the countering of stresses due to temperature variation, physical strain, disease states and toxic substances.

D- It is a substance that is able to improve the ability of an organism to adapt to differing external or internal disturbances.

E- The enhancement of the body’s non-specific resistance to external stresses or noxious effects of physical, chemical or biological nature.

 3- Nervous system:

A- For all ages as an agent capable of improving memory and intellectual skills.

B- For old age:

I-Protection from neural degeneration, preservation of antioxidant levels and inhibition of malondialdehyde formation collectively retard the inexorable advance of age related deterioration.

II-for the treatment of conditions such as normal ageing, cerebral vascular disease in the aged, senile dementia, Mental function impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.

4- As liver protective agents, in alcohol intoxication therapy.

5- For morphine, cocaine and amphetamine withdrawal problems.

6- Other potential applications of ginseng in anticancer treatment.

7- In preparation for Skin, nail disorders and Hair loss also as Aid to smoking withdrawal.

8- In topical preparations for skin affections such as acne and eczema and in cosmetics still require careful clinical trials to demonstrate indisputably that standardised ginseng phytochemicals or formulations are really effective in human subjects.

Recommended dose

At the practical level, it has been suggested that young and healthy persons should take ginseng in short courses of 2–3 weeks with a two week interval between consecutive courses. The recommended daily dose is 0.5–1.0 g of powdered root or 200 mg of ginseng extract daily divided into two doses, one in the morning two hours before food and one in the evening at least two hours after food.

 It has also been recommended that ginseng should not be taken continuously for periods exceeding three months and others suggest occasional use in treatments comprising a one month course followed by a two months interval before further treatment. Ginseng treatment can be continuous in the aged and the chronically sick.

Precautions

1- Concurrent use of stimulants such as coffee (caffeine) is not encouraged. In the absence of other aetiological factors, it was proposed that prolonged daily use of Siberian ginseng in combination with caffeine and vigorous exercise was responsible for the stroke.

2- Ginseng is not suggested for people with hypoglycemia, high blood pressure, or heart disorders. The ‘ginseng abuse syndrome’ defined as hypertension together with nervousness, sleeplessness, skin eruptions, and morning diarrhoea was experienced by 14 subjects who took ginseng orally in an average daily dose of 3 g for very long period. Abrupt withdrawal precipitated hypotension, weakness, and tremor in 1 user. About 50% of the subjects had stopped the use of ginseng within the 2 years.

Drug interactions

1- Ginseng with phenelzine (MAOI)

 There have been  reports of adverse effects, including headaches, insomnia, tremulousness, and irritability when ginseng was taken with phenelzine.

2- Ginseng with warfarin

 A reduction in the response to warfarin was reported in a patient after taking a ginseng preparation. A study in healthy subjects also found a small reduction in response.

3- Ginseng with digoxin assays

Varieties of ginseng may interfere with plasma-digoxin assays.

Allied species:

1) Eleutherococcus senticosus (Acanthopanax senticosus)

Siberian ginseng, has been employed in the USSR as an abundant and inexpensive substitute for ginseng. It is also cultivated in China for the roots which are used as a tonic and sedative. ‘' The roots contain active saponiss (eleutherosides), different to those of Panax ginseng, and a series of glucans (eleutherans A-G) and a heteroxylan with adaptogenic properties. In test models the eleutherans have been shown to have hypoglycaemic activity

2) Panax pseudogineseng (Himalayan ginseng).

The roots contain active saponins, Shukla and Thakur have recorded ginsenosides Ro and Rbi, chikusetsusaponin-I Va and other compounds in the Indian root subsp. himalaicus var angustifolius.

3) Japanese ginseng (Panax Japonicum).

It represents the dried rhizomes of Panax repens, a plant growing in Japan and is considered to have  properties similar to those of ginseng. The rhizomes  is  horizontal and cylindrical, more or less curved, from 5 to 10 cm, in length and 3 to 6 mm. in thickness. Externally its is yellow-white, nodes considerably thickened and, marked on the upper surface by circular stem-scars The fracture is horny, internally it is whitish marked with small yellowish oil-secretion canals in the cortex, narrow wedges of collateral  vascular bundles separated by broad medullary rays and a large pith. Panax repens contains 20% of saponins, volatile oil and resins. Panax Japonicum and P. japonicum var. major chikusetsusaponins, ginsenosides and glycans.

4- Indian ginseng (Withania somniferum).

Withania somniferum Dunal is a Solanaceous plant found in southern Europe, India and Africa. It has a reputation in Indian indigenous medicine as a sedative, hypnotic and antiseptic agent. Extracts of the plant demonstrate antimitotic activity. Typically the plant yields tropane alkaloids and steroidal lactones named withanolides but no ginsenosides.

Products

⊗ Contains a substance whose use may be restricted in certain sports

Activex 40 Plus Propan, S.Afr.

Ginseng ; muira-puama; vitamins; minerals; kelp; lysine hydrochloride.

Tonic.

ADX Sigma, Arg.

Ginseng; catuaba; guarana; damiana; saw palmetto; Ginkgo biloba; arginine; zinc; bovine testicle hydrolysate; pollen; vitamin E.

Alvear con Ginseng SIT, Ital.

Ginseng; honey; royal jelly; myrtillus;  rodiola.

Nutritional supplement.

Apergan Panzera, Ital.

Royal jelly; glucose; ginseng.

Nutritional supplement.

Appeton Kotra, Malaysia.

A range of vitamin preparations with or without minerals, ginseng, lysine, or taurine.

Arcostrong Eadriex, Philipp.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; choline; inositol; methionine.

Tonic.

Ardey-aktiv Ardeypharm, Ger.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

 

Armovit Armoxindo, Indon.

Royal jelly; ginseng; vitamins; minerals; rutoside.

Nutritional supplement; tonic.

Aromavital Omega, Fr.

Fruit juice; honey; royal jelly; acerola; ginseng; cinnamon oil; turmeric oil; ginger oil; lemon grass oil; clove oil; nutmeg oil; peppermint oil; cumin oil.

Tonic.

Astragalus Complex Mediherb, Austral.

Astragalus; echinacea; Siberian ginseng.

Tonic.

Bacopa Complex Mediherb, Austral.

Becopa; schisandra; Siberian ginseng; rosemary oil.

Anxiety; tonic.

Bakumondo-to Tsumura, Jpn.

Ophiopogon tuber; pinellia tuber; jujube; liquorice; ginseng; brown rice.

Traditional Kampo medicine.

Bedovit Pharmaton Boehringer Ingelheim, Chile.

Ginseng; deanol tartrate; vitamins; rutin; minerals;

soya lecithin (p.1922·1).

Tonic.

Bio Ace Blackmores, Austral.

Betacarotene; ascorbic acid; d-alpha tocoferil acid succinate; vitamin B ; calcium pantothenate; vitamin B ; vitamin K ; zinc; ginseng; garlic.

Tonic.

Bio Star Novag, Spain.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Biocord Medipharm, Chile.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; soya lecithin; procaine hydrochloride; rutin.

Skin, hair, and nail disorders; tonic.

Biocord-E Medipharm, Chile.

Vitamins; minerals; rutoside; ginseng; soya lecithin; procaine hydrochloride.

Dietary supplement.

Bioestril Rosso Viatris, Ital.

Soya; red clover; cimicifuga; agnus castus; ginseng; crataegus; vitamin E.

Nutritional supplement for women.

Bioginko Indofarma, Pol.

Note. A similar name is used for preparations of different composition

Ginkgo biloba; ginseng.

Mental function impairment; tonic.

Bioglan Daily Plus Max Bioglan, Austral.

Ginseng; garlic; milk thistle; bladderwrack; lecithin; vitamins; minerals.

Tonic.

Bioglan Ginsynergy Bioglan, Austral.

Ginseng ; Eleutherococcus senticosus root; withania somnifera; Panax quinquefolium.

Tonic.

 

Bioglan GinSynergy plus Rhodiola

Red ginseng ; Eleutherococcus senticosus root; withania somnifera; Rhodiola.

Biometrix Schering-Plough, Mex.

Vitamins; minerals; Ginkgo biloba; ginseng .

Bion 3 Seniors Merck Medication Familiale, Fr.

Vitamins; minerals; probiotics; ginseng; lutein; myrtillus.

Tonic.

Bioton Sella, Ital.

Honey; ginseng; royal jelly.

Nutritional supplement.

Biovital Ginseng Bayer, Switz.

⊗ Ginseng; caffeine; lecithin; rutoside sodium sulfate; vitamins; minerals.

Tonic.

BSI Medicated Spray Tungfa, Philipp.

⊗ Nux vomica; pinelliae tuber; drynariae rhizoma; liquorice; ginseng; lycopodium

serratum; menthol; methyl salicylate; alcohol.

Muscle pain

Bukuryoingohangekobokuto Tsumura, Jpn.

Pinellia tuber; poria sclerotium; atractylodes lancea rhizome; magnolia bark; citrus unshiu peel; ginseng; perilla herb; immature orange; ginger.

Traditional Kampo medicine.

Burgerstein TopVital Antistress, Switz.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Tonic.

Byakko-ka-ninjin-to Tsumura, Jpn.

Gypsum; anemarrhena rhizome; liquorice; ginseng; brown rice.

Traditional Kampo medicine.

Cerebrovit Active Kalbe, Indon.

Ginseng; guaranine; levoglutamic acid; folic acid; vitamins; zinc.

Tonic.

Cervusen Hamilton, Hong Kong.

Deer antler cartilage; ginseng; deer ligament.

Osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis.

Chikujountanto Tsumura, Jpn.

Pinellia tuber; bupleurum root; ophiopogon tuber; poria sclerotium; platycodon root; immature orange; cyperus rhizome; citrus unshiu peel; coptis rhizome; liquorice; ginger; ginseng; bamboo trunk.

Traditional Kampo medicine.

Clements Tonic Felton, Austral.

Vitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng and ginkgo biloba. Formerly a mineral preparation with malt, honey, thiamine and yeast.

Dietary supplement; tonic.

Dai-kenchu-to Tsumura, Jpn.

Ginseng; zanthoxylum fruit; ginger.

Traditional Kampo medicine.

Diltotal Mintlab, Chile.

Ginseng; lecithin; procaine hydrochloride; vitamins; rutin; minerals.

Doppelherz Vital Kapseln Queisser, Pol.

Garlic oil; ginseng; vitamins.

Atherosclerosis; respiratory-tract disorders.

Doppelherz Vitalotonik Queisser, Rus.

Crataegus; lupulus; valerian; melissa; ginseng.

Tonic.

Dynamisan

Note. This name is used for preparations of different composition.

Novartis, Arg.

Vitamins; minerals; amino acids; ginseng.

Nutritional supplement.

Novartis, Chile; Novartis, Mex.

Vitamins; minerals; amino acids; ginseng.

Tonic.

Eki Cabe Kowa, Jpn.

Hydrotalcite; oxoamidine; ursodeoxycholic acid; ginseng.

Eleu Harras-Curarina, Ger.

Siberian ginseng.

Tonic.

Eleu-Kokk Boehringer Ingelheim, Ger.

Siberian ginseng root.

Tonic.

Eleutheroforce Bioforce, Ger.

Siberian ginseng root.

Tonic.

Elixir fortifiant Phytomed, Switz.

Ginkgo biloba; ginseng; calcium lactophosphate.

Tonic.

Enerday Megahealth, Chile.

Ginseng; vitamins; Erythroxylon catuaba; marapuama.

Tonic.

Energeia Sanitalia, Ital.

Ginseng; ginkgo biloba; eleutherococcus; minerals.

Nutritional supplement.

Energel Arcolab, Philipp.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; choline bitartrate; methionine.

Dietary supplement.

Energizante Vital con ginseng AM, Arg.

Vitamins; minerals; arginine; choline; centella; ginseng; guarana; royal jelly; pollen.

Tonic.

Energy Plus Tecnonat, Arg.

Note. This name is used for preparations of different composition.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; guarana.

Energyvit Elmor, Venez.

Ginseng; deanol tartrate; rutoside; vitamins; minerals.

Tonic.

Enerseng Herbarium, Braz.

Ginseng.

Asthenia

Enervon with Ginseng & Vitamin E United American, Malaysia.

Ginseng; vitamins.

Dietary supplement

Euroton Cielle, Ital.

Withania somnifera; maca; muira puama; ginseng; damiana; rhodiola.

Extralife Extra-Brite Felton, Austral.

Ginkgo biloba; ginseng; lecithin.

Alzheimer’s disease; mental function disorders.

Fitokey Eleuterococo Inkeysa, Spain.

Siberian ginseng (p.2386·3).

Tonic.

Fon Wan Ginsenergy

Note.This name is used for preparations of different composition.

Giuliani, Ital.

Ginseng.

Nutritional supplement.

Giuliani, Ital.

Honey; royal jelly; ginseng.

Nutritional supplement.

Forcemil Normon, Spain.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Fortavil Sanitas, Chile.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; rutin; deanol tartrate.

Tonic.

Fortevital Tentan, Switz.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with caffeine, ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba.

Tonic.

Forticrin Panzera, Ital.

Vitamin B substances; vitamin E; achillea; Ginkgo biloba; ginseng.

Hair loss.

Fortilan Ativus, Braz.

Ginseng .

Asthenia.

Fosfarsile Forte

Note.This name is used for preparations of different composition.

Fitobucaneve, Ital.

Oral liquid: Royal jelly; propolis; selenium; ginseng.

Nutritional supplement.

Fitobucaneve, Ital.

Tablets: Glucose; royal jelly; ginseng.

Nutritional supplement.

Fosfaserin Amnol, Ital.

Phosphatidlyserine; glutamine; vitamin B substances; lecithin; caffeine; ginseng; Ginkgo biloba.

Mental function disorders; nutritional supplement.

Fospartan Ginseng Craveri, Arg.

Ginseng; magnesium aspartate; potassium aspartate; adenosine triphosphate; vitamin B.

Tonic.

Four-Ton Body Spring, Ital.

Guarana; damiana; ginseng; royal jelly.

Nutritional supplement.

Galenic Restaurador Capilar Neo Dermos, Arg.

Collagen; ginseng; aloe vera.

Alopecia.

Gegorvit Fher, Ital.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Nutritional supplement.

Geri Gisand, Switz.

Vitamin, mineral, and amino-acid preparation with ginseng.

Formerly known as Biorganic Geri.

Dietary supplement; tonic.

Geriaton Ache, Braz.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Geriatric Pharmaton Boehringer Ingelheim, Austria; Pharmaton,

Israel; Boehringer Ingelheim, Thai.

Ginseng; vitamins; minerals; lecithin.

Tonic; vitamin and mineral deficiency.

Geriatrix Natur Produkt, Pol.

Caffeine; ginseng; vitamins; minerals.

Tonic.

Geriavit Boehringer Ingelheim, Cz.; Boehringer Ingelheim, Pol.;

Pharmaton, Rus.; Pharmaton, Switz.

Deanol tartrate; ginseng; vitamins; rutoside; minerals; lecithin.

Tonic.

Geriavite Solvay, Braz.

Multivitamins with ginseng, inositol, and rutoside.

Gericomplex Boehringer Ingelheim, S.Afr.

Multivitamins; minerals; dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate; ginseng.

Tonic.

Gerilon Cifarma, Braz.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; rutoside.

Gerimax Dansk Droge, Rus.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng.

Tonic.

Gerimax adultes Merck Medication Familiale, Fr.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Gerimax Ginseng Dansk Droge, Rus.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Gerimax Plus Nycomed, Austria.

A multivitamin preparation with ginseng.

Tonic.

Gerimax Tonique Merck Medication Familiale, Fr.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Gerin Legrand, Braz.

Amino acids; minerals; vitamins; ginseng.

Tonic.

Geronpol Hasco-Lek, Pol.

Ginseng; troxerutin; deanol tartrate; vitamins; minerals.

Tonic.

Gerovital EMS, Braz.

Ginseng; rutoside; vitamins; minerals.

Nutritional supplement

Gincosan Boehringer Ingelheim, Chile; Pharmaton, Cz.; Pharmaton,

Switz.

Ginkgo biloba; ginseng.

Mental function impairment.

Gingeron Baliarda, Arg.

Ginseng; magnesium glycerophosphate; procaine hydrochloride; zinc; copper; cobalt; manganese.

Tonic.

Gingviton Sam Chun Dang, Singapore.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng and lecithin.

Ginjal Cowik, Pol.

Hippocampus coronatus; methylthioninium chloride; Java tea; ginseng; sonchus arvensis; strobilanthus deyerianus.

Renal calculi

Ginokan Medikon, Indon.

Ginkgo biloba; ginseng.

Cerebral and peripheral vascular disorders; tonic.

Ginsana Ton Fher, Ital.

Ginseng; zinc.

Tonic.

Ginsavit Julphar, UAE.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Ginseng Bioplus Diates Provefarma, Arg.

Ginseng; thiamine.

Dietary supplement.

Ginsenol Herbapol Krakow, Pol.

Ginseng .

Tonic.

Ginsex Delta, Braz.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Ginsomin Mega Lifesciences, Malaysia; Mega Lifesciences,

Philipp.

Ginseng; vitamins; minerals.

Tonic.

Ginsroy Schumit, Thai.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Gin-Vita Shin Poong, Singapore.

Ginseng; oryzanol; ascorbic acid; tocopherol acetate; fursultiamine; pyridoxine hydrochloride;

riboflavin tetrabutyrate.

Musculoskeletal pain; peripheral vascular disorders; vitamin E supplement.

Hairy Lemon Douglas, Austral.

Vitamin B substances; vitamin C; guarana; ginseng.

Tonic.

Herbaccion Bioenergizante ISA, Arg.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Hivit Behrens, Venez.

Ginseng; vitamins; minerals.

Tonic.

Holomagnesio Vital Phoenix, Arg.

⊗ Ginseng; arginine N-acetylasparaginate; magnesium carbonate; magnesium stearate.

Tonic.

Homtamin-G Plus Korea United, Philipp.; Pharmatrix,

Philipp.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; aloe; lecithin.

Tonic.

IL HWA Allcura, Ger.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Immuvit Pascual, Philipp.; Rueckert, Philipp.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; Siberian ginseng; ubidecarenone.

Tonic.

Imugins Schumit, Thai.

Ginseng; multivitamins and minerals.

Tonic.

Imuvit Rueckert, Malaysia; Boots Healthcare, Switz.; Rueckert,

Thai.

Ginseng; vitamins; minerals.

Tonic; vitamin and mineral deficiency.

Imuvital Vita Health, Switz.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Intelektan Biofarm, Pol.

Ginkgo biloba; ginseng.

Fatigue; mental function impairment

Irontona Brauer, Austral.

Angelica; ascorbic acid; kola; ferrous sulfate; alfalfa; ginseng; urtica; aurum muriaticum; calcarea phosphorica; ferrum metallicum; ferrum phosphoricum; hypericum perforatum;

kali phosphoricum; magnesia phosphorica; phosphoricum acidum.

Tonic.

K-A Plus Diamond, Philipp.

Vitamins; minerals; ginseng; deanol; inositol; choline chloride; linoleic acid; lysine hydrochloride.

Tonic

KintaVital Sanofi-Aventis, Switz.

Ginseng.

Tonic

Konstitutin CytoChemia, Ger.

Siberian ginseng.

Tonic.

Korseng Self-Care Products, UK.

Ginseng.

Lomavital Lomapharm, Ger.

Siberian ginseng.

Tonic.

Magneginseng Omega, Fr.

Magnesium lactate; ginseng; soy lethicin.

Tonic.

Masvitalin Ginseng Higate, Arg.

Ginseng; magnesium glycerophosphate; vitamins.

Tonic.

Merebral Altana, Arg.

Amino acids; cyanocobalamin; ginseng.

Mental function impairment.

Micebrina Sanofi-Aventis, Spain.

A range of vitamin preparations with or without minerals and ginseng.

Multi Up Fher, Ital.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Tonic.

Multiron Vitabiotics, UK.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Neovita

Savoy, Singapore.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Tonic.

Wallace Mfg Chem., UK.

Multivitamin and ginseng preparation with or without minerals and lecithin.

Normalite Codifra, Fr.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Nostress Schwartz, Fr.

Juglans regia; lupulus; ginseng.

Stress

Notabac Schwartz, Fr.

Glucose; juglans regia; lupulus; ginseng.

Aid to smoking withdrawal.

Orgaplasma Ardeypharm, Ger.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Ostrin Q10 Qualiphar, Belg.

Oyster extract; taurine; zinc orotate; ginseng; nicotinamide; ubidecarenone; extramel.

Tonic.

Ottovis Fitolife, Ital.

Royal jelly; ginseng; wheat germ oil; soya lecithin; pollen.

Tonic.

Peking Ginseng Royal Jelly N Peking-Boell, Ger.

Ginseng; honey; royal jelly.

Tonic.

Red Kooga Peter Black, UK.

Ginseng.

Tonic.

Redseng Polivit Korhispana, Spain.

Multivitamin preparation with ginseng.

Tonic.

Regina Royal Concorde Regina, UK.

Royal jelly; ginseng; Damiana aphrodisiaca; saw palmetto.

Sengobil Plusandex, Venez.

Ginkgo biloba; ginseng.

Circulatory insufficiency; erectile dysfunction; fatigue; mental function impairment.

Sigmafem Sigma, Arg.

Soya phytoestrogens; sage phytoestrogens; angelica; Siberian ginseng; vitamin E; magnesium.

Dysmenorrhoea; hypercholesterolaemia; mastodynia; menopausal disorders; osteoporosis.

Stimulnerv Columbia, Arg.

Ginseng; glucurolactone; phosphorylcolamine; potassium aspartate; magnesium aspartate; vitamin B.

Tonic.

Supradyn Vital Bayer, Fr.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Supradyn Vital 50+ Bayer, Switz.

Multivitamin and mineral preparation with ginseng.

Syberian Biofarm, Pol.

Siberian ginseng.

Tonic.

Tai Ginseng N Poehlmann, Ger.

Ginseng; crataegus; vitamins.

Tonic.

Thalgo Tonic Thalgo, Fr.

Spirulina; magnesium; ginseng; vitamins.

Tonic.

Ton Was Chiesi, Spain.

Vitamin B substances; ginseng.

Tonic.

Tonimax Soria Natural, Spain.

Siberian ginseng; rosemary oil; savory oil.

Fatigue.

Vigortonic Arkochim, Spain.

Cinnamon; ginseng; kola.

Fatigue.